Bookkeeping Basics Part III

Hello, readers! Welcome back to the Hoods Tax & Accounting blog! We’re delighted to be able to share up-to-date information about taxes, bookkeeping, and accounting—giving you the tools you need to meet your short and long term goals. Whether you’re managing taxes for your small business or wondering how to take advantage of certain tax credits, we’ve got you covered! Our second to last post and the first installment of this ‘Bookkeeping Basics’ series introduced the concept of what bookkeeping is, what it's used for, why it’s important and how to begin. From the old “general ledgers,” which used red and black ink, to ultra-modern digital programs, understanding the basics of bookkeeping is an essential part of running any successful small business. As a precursor for accounting, bookkeeping provides an accurate basis for evaluating the health of your business and planning for financial growth. For these reasons, accurate bookkeeping is paramount. 
 
The first part of this series explained the difference between single-entry and double-entry bookkeeping methods. As well, we went through the various types of accounts (i.e. assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses), as well as their underlying subtypes (e.x. accounts receivable, utilities expense, interest income, etc.). We gave you a few options as far as setting up your accounts (e.g. Excel spreadsheet vs. digital bookkeeping software) along with their corresponding pros and cons. We explained the difference between a debit (Dr) and a credit (Cr) and trust us, it’s not what you think. Finally, we gave a few best practices tips concerning bookkeeping to keep your books organized and accurate. Therefore, it’s in your best interest to read our first article (if you haven’t already) before delving into this second part!
 
In the second part of this series, we continued our exploration into the world of bookkeeping. We discussed balancing books, preparing financial reports, and a few more best bookkeeping practices. How do you know when you’ve reached the adjusted trial balance? What’s the equation for determining your books are balanced? What’s the difference between a P&L statement and a cash flow sheet? And, how often should you be setting aside time to bookkeep? We answer all of these questions and more in our last article. We highly encourage you to go check out Part II! 
 
Today, we come upon the final installment in our Bookkeeping Basics series. Our aim is to answer the most commonly asked bookkeeping questions. You should leave this series feeling confident in your understanding of bookkeeping principles and ready to pursue bookkeeping yourself (or invest in an experienced professional). If you reach the end of the article and still have questions, reach out to us! Now, without further ado, here’s Part III!
 
Is cash-basis accounting the same as single-entry bookkeeping?
 
Technically, yes. Cash-basis accounting includes recording a single entry for every transaction which includes the making or receiving of a payment. If you read Part I, you’ll recognize this definition as single-entry bookkeeping. This type of bookkeeping is preferable for small-scale businesses with straightforward transactions (i.e. I make the product and you buy the product). Double-entry bookkeeping, in a similar manner, also goes by the name accrual accounting. Accrual accounting includes recording two entries for every transaction even if the transaction does not include making or receiving a payment. This type of bookkeeping is preferable for larger, more complex businesses with multiple forms of transactions (i.e. I make various products and offer store credit and sell products from other businesses.) 
 
Is there a difference between bookkeeping and accounting? Do I need to hire a bookkeeper in addition to an accountant? 
 
There is certainly a difference between accounting and bookkeeping—and a distinct difference at that. Bookkeepers manage the ever-evolving ledgers of their clients. As transactions accrue, further data must be integrated into the bookkeeping system. Bookkeepers must categorize revenue and expenses, generate financial statements, reconcile discrepancies and continuously review the ledger for accuracy. A bookkeeper’s job is never done, and accounting is actually an extension of bookkeeping. Accountants use the financial data and statements generated by bookkeepers to prepare income tax returns and give tax planning advice. This doesn’t mean an accountant and a bookkeeper cannot be the same person. Many small businesses operate with a single individual fulfilling both positions. However, the obligations of each should not be conflated and, should you choose to outsource, you may have to hire both an accountant and a bookkeeper. 
 
(Keep in mind: Hoods Tax & Accounting offers both bookkeeping and accounting services!)
 
I’m still confused about the difference between debits and credits. How do I know which to put in my books? 
 
Simply put, debits and credits are inversely related. This means each debit corresponds to an equal credit and vice versa. In this way, the books remain balanced. Which means you’ll always put both. Remember: the equation which dictates a balanced ledger is Liabilities + Equity = Assets. Which means if any aspect of this equation changes, the other aspects must change as a result. As a rule of thumb, debits increase asset and expense accounts, while decreasing liability, equity, and revenue accounts. While credits increase liability, equity, and revenue accounts, while decreasing asset and expense accounts. Notice how they mirror each other? 
 
What’s the difference between accounts payable and account receivable? 
 
This distinction will only apply if you use a double-entry, or accrual, bookkeeping system. Accounts payable is, as the name suggests, money which needs to be paid. Or, in other words, a liability. This might be an expense purchased on business credit, which will need to be paid off later (and potentially with interest). Accounts receivable, therefore, is money which needs to be paid to your business. Or, in other words, an asset. This might be a customer purchase made on credit, which they will need to pay off later (and potentially with interest). Both accounts payable and accounts receivable are accounts which you can and should record transactions within. 
 
Why should I invest in a professional bookkeeper? Isn’t it cheaper to simply do the bookkeeping myself? 
 
Do you remember eighth grade math? Do you remember “showing your work,” going through all of the right steps, and still arriving at the wrong answer? Bookkeeping can be a bit like eighth grade math sometimes. The purpose of these articles has been to show you bookkeeping isn’t as complicated as it may initially seem, but that doesn’t mean bookkeeping is easy. Minor mistakes or even procrastination can lead to major confusion. Misplaced entries or inaccurate figures can leave you wondering where money went and wasting precious time trying to find it. No small business owner wants to realize they’ve been doing things wrong when payday comes or tax season rolls around. That’s why you should invest in a professional bookkeeper. Who knows? The investment may end up paying for itself in the long run. 
 
You can hire out to a dedicated bookkeeping and accounting firm (like Hoods) or hire an in-house bookkeeper for your business. If you’re certain you would like to bookkeep for yourself but are hesitant about making beginner mistakes, invest instead in a bookkeeping software. At Hoods, we have QuickBooks ProAdvisors who can train you how to use the software for your businesses bookkeeping needs. 
 
What’s the most common bookkeeping error?
 
There are so many… Primarily, failing to track receipts for minor purchases. We understand, these things can slip the mind, but due diligence ensures you’re able to receive the best return come tax season. More generally, business owners tend to take on too much regarding bookkeeping. As previously discussed, it’s better to avoid mistakes and invest in a professional than do things yourself and make grievous errors. Develop your bookkeeping skills over time by working closely with a professional and, when you feel ready, take on the responsibility. This way you cover your bases and save yourself trouble!
 
Thank you for coming along on this bookkeeping journey with us. Again, our aim was to illuminate the entire bookkeeping process and impress upon you the importance of accurate bookkeeping. Whether you’re off to do your own bookkeeping or investing in a professional, we wish you the best of luck! As always, we’re happy to be able to provide you with the most relevant, up-to-date tax information for you and your family. From savings plans to tax credits to business acumen, the Hoods Tax & Accounting blog is your one-stop shop for everything you need. We offer tax preparation, bookkeeping, payroll, and QuickBooks services. If you have any questions or are interested in a consultation, please reach out! We do offer virtual consultations over Zoom, as part of our effort to accommodate everyone in these trying times. We look forward to hearing from you! Until next time, thank you for reading! 

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