Bookkeeping Basics: Part 1

Hello, readers! Welcome back to the Hoods Tax & Accounting blog! We’re delighted to be able to share up-to-date information about taxes, savings, and financial literacy—giving you the tools you need to meet your short and long term goals. Whether you’re managing taxes for your small business or wondering how to take advantage of certain tax credits, we’ve got you covered! Our previous posts delve into the benefits of a 529 savings plan and just what cryptocurrency is. If you’re saving for your education or your child’s education or would like to understand the recent tax provisions concerning cryptocurrency, our latest articles will tell you everything you need to know! 
 
Bookkeeping has come a long way since the “olden days,” when business records were recorded in ledgers. That said, electronic bookkeeping systems still refer to account sheets as “General Ledgers.” Personally, we think bookkeeping would be much cooler if it were still done in red and black ink! When you boil bookkeeping down to its basics, that’s what it’s for: determining whether a business is in the “red” or the “black,” as well as just how far a business is in either debt or profit, respectively. 
 
Bookkeeping is an essential part of any small business. From online-only stores from the living room to full-fledged brick and mortar shops on busy streets—bookkeeping allows businesses to reach their full potential and make informed decisions. Understanding the moving mechanisms of your business on a basic level enables you to assess the overall financial health of your business and improve spending. 
 
So, what is bookkeeping? 
 
Bookkeeping is the precursor to accounting. Bookkeeping is the detailed input of financial data into a system which allows for oversight, review, and analysis. You might feel intimidated by P&Ls, cash flow statements, and balance sheets, but the truth is that bookkeeping is done one transaction at a time. It doesn’t have to be complicated, which is why today we’re taking the time to explain some of the basics. 
 
Questions Bookkeeping Can Answer
 
Where does a majority of the money your small business brings in come from? How much did you spend on office supplies last year? How does your last quarter compare to the quarter prior? Where is your company hemorrhaging money and, more importantly, how can you staunch the losses? Bookkeeping can give you the means to answer these questions. 
Habitual expenses, such as automated purchases and services, can eat up a budget and add to expenses. As you isolate the areas where money is being wasted on things your business no longer requires, you can begin to tighten the purse strings. Adjusting your budget and applying new numbers allows you to think ahead and plan for the future. 
 
Only 2.5% of small businesses are audited, which means you aren’t likely to receive a visit from the IRS, but you should be prepared to answer potential questions nevertheless. In an audit, the IRS will want to know about profits, losses, tax deductions, and tax returns. All of these figures and more are underneath the bookkeeping umbrella. Which means, if you’ve been keeping accurate records, you can answer the IRS’s questions and send them on their way without delay! 
 
Then, when tax season rolls around, you can use the data you have from bookkeeping for your tax write off. Exact figures are often better than using the IRS’s substantiation rates. Bookkeeping can help you determine quarterly tax returns, to ensure you’re paying the adequate amount throughout the year. 
 
If there are mistakes with employees or customers, bookkeeping provides an accurate reference to clear up discrepancies. 
 
As a small business owner, you can anticipate certain seasons when expenses will need to temporarily increase. Bookkeeping will allow you to assess whether your current assets will stretch far enough or you need to apply for a business credit line or loan. 
 
Types of Accounts
 
Bookkeeping is split up by account types. The five types of bookkeeping accounts are: assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and equity. Assets are resources which add value to your business. Liabilities are obligations which take value from your business. Revenue is another way of saying income, while expenses are another way of saying spending. Finally, equity is the value left over after the liabilities have been subtracted from the assets. Here are some examples of common subtypes of accounts within these categories: 
 
    Assets

• Accounts Receivable
• Cash
• Equipment 
• Inventory
• Real Estate
• Supplies

 
    Liabilities

• Accounts Payable
• Interest Payable
• Unearned Service Revenue

   
    Revenues

• Interest Income
• Rental Income
• Sales Income

 
    Expenses

• Insurance Expense
• Interest Expense
• Rent Expense
• Salaries and Wages
• Supplies Expense
• Utilities Expense

 
How To Set Up Accounts
 
Now you know what the account types are, you’ll need to go ahead and set up the accounts in a system. As we mentioned at the beginning of this article, at one time, businesses kept their records in a ledger. Now, there are numerous options available online. You could use a spreadsheet, like Excel, although it’s not recommended. There are dedicated bookkeeping platforms, such as QuickBooks, which allow businesses ease-of-use when bookkeeping. That said, outsourcing a bookkeeper is much more time- and cost-effective than having an in-house bookkeeper. Paying someone to set up and manage your accounts ensures everything is done right and you can rest easy knowing a professional is handling your bookkeeping. 
 
However, you should still understand the basics of bookkeeping, even if you outsource. This is your business, and being able to understand the numbers will help you make decisions. 
 
Before you set up your accounts, you’ll need to decide which type of bookkeeping you’re interested in doing. Single-entry bookkeeping is just as it sounds—you enter each transaction just once. This type of bookkeeping works best for simple business with few cash transactions, little inventory, and even less equipment. An example of single-entry bookkeeping would be for an earring shop on Etsy. The owner makes the jewelry to order. When she buys supplies, she places a single value in the Supplies Expense account. When she receives an order, she places a single value in the Sales Income account. See? Simple. 
 
Now, double-entry bookkeeping is a bit more complicated, but it's actually the more commonly used method of the two. This type of bookkeeping works well with complex businesses, with lots of moving parts (e.g. employees, inventory, multiple forms of transaction). With this method, as the name suggests, you would record two entries for each transaction. The first entry is entered on the left-hand side of the account and is referred to as the debit (Dr). The second entry is entered on the right-hand side of the account and is referred to as the credit (Cr). Don’t think of debit and credit in their normal way. Here’s an example: A lawn care business invests in a $3000 lawn mower. They’ll enter a $3000 debit on the left of the Equipment account, and a $3000 credit on the right of the Cash account (since $3000 has been taken from the businesses assets to add to their equipment). Because each value is balanced by an opposite value, you know precisely when profits are beginning to drop off. 
 
Record Everything 
 
Data is no good if the numbers aren’t right. Accurate information will allow you to make the best decisions for your business and anything else could send you spiraling down the wrong track. This is why it's important to invest in a professional if you aren’t confident in your record keeping capabilities. Bookkeeping isn’t the time or place to guess, or estimate. Here, you want precise figures which correlate to real life sales and expenses. Do not leave out expenses because they’re small and “don’t count.” Every dollar counts (as the IRS would say)! Expenses include materials, services, payroll, and income from both clients, customers, investments, and dividends. You may not even be this meticulous with your personal finances, but bookkeeping for your business is a different endeavor altogether. Hopefully, booking for your business will inspire you to pour the same attention into your own finances! As well, you want to make sure you enter everything in the proper account and (if you’re doing double-entry) the proper corresponding account. This helps to ensure your books stay balanced, which we’ll discuss in more detail in the next part. 
 
 
We hope you’ll tune in for the next part of this series on Bookkeeping Basics! As always, we’re happy to be able to provide you with the most relevant, up-to-date tax information for you and your family. From savings plans to tax credits to business acumen, the Hoods Tax & Accounting blog is your one-stop shop for everything you need. We offer tax preparation, bookkeeping, payroll, and QuickBooks services. If you have any questions or are interested in a consultation, please reach out! We do offer virtual consultations over Zoom, as part of our effort to accommodate everyone in these trying times. We look forward to hearing from you! Until next time, thank you for reading!

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